Charging Your Cell Phone | Home Made Circuit

For the cell phone to charge, charger output must be above 4V and can deliver a maximum current of 500mA. This charger circuit will step up the voltage from 1.5V to 5V DC to reach the cell phone charging requirement. The circuit uses only an AA or AAA 1.5v battery (1V to 2.4V). The charger is composed of simple oscillator, a rectifier, and voltage regulator. The feedback winding F is composed 5 turns of #30 AWG magnetic wire and main winding P is composed of 6 turns of #24 AWG wire. The 5.1V zener diode and 2200uF capacitor regulates the output voltage to ensure proper charging.

The windings are not critical, you can experiment using different number of turns. If ever the charger doesn’t have any output, try to reverse the winding connection.

Note:This charger is functional but provides not warranty on its accuracy. Try building at your own risk.

Variable Power Supply upto 30 volts @1.5A

Circuit Description:
In this circuit we are using transformer has capacity of 24 volt and 2 A current capacity that given at the output. Using bridge rectifier converts AC into DC and capacitor used for getting smooth dc voltage .LED used for indicate the power in the circuit the current through the led will be between 12 - 20mA at 2V depending on the type and color Led you are using. then smooth dc voltage apply to input terminal of voltage regulated IC LM317.variable resistor of 5 kilo ohm at adjust terminal of IC we can vary the voltage from 1.5v to 30 v .it is getting at the output terminal of IC .diode D1 is used as rectifier to block the current to flow in opposite direction. It steers any current that might be coming from the device under power around the regulator to prevent the regulator from being damaged Capacitor C2 used to filter any type of noise .also we use heat sink for IC because IC is heated during running of project. Maximum current is about 1.5 amps which is also sufficient for most of your tinkering. The large value of C1 makes for a good, low ripple output voltage. C2 is a 0.1µF (100nF) decoupler capacitor to filter out the transient noise which can be induced into the supply by stray magnetic fields. Under normal conditions this capacitor is only required if the regulator is far away from the filter cap, but I added it anyway. C3 improves transient response. This means that while the regulator may perform perfectly at DC and at low frequencies, (regulating the voltage regardless of the load current); at higher frequencies it may be less effective. Adding this 1 µF capacitor should improve the response at those frequencies.

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION LM 317
IC LM-317 (VOLTAGE REGULATED) DESCRIPTION:
The LM317 is an adjustable 3–terminal positive voltage regulator
Capable of supplying in excess of 1.5 a over an output voltage range of
1.2 V to 37 V. This voltage regulator is exceptionally easy to use and
Requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage
• Output Current in Excess of 1.5 A
• Output Adjustable between 1.2 V and 37 V
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting Constant with Temperature
• Output Transistor Safe–Area Compensation
• Floating Operation for High Voltage Applications
• Available in Surface Mount D2PAK, and Standard 3–Lead Transistor
Package
• Eliminates stocking many Fixed Voltages
• C1 is required if regulator is located an appreciable distance from power supply filter.
• C2 is not needed for stability; however, it does improve transient response.
Features
• Guaranteed 1% output voltage tolerance
(LM317A)
• Y Guaranteed max. 0.01%/V line regulation
• (LM317A)
• Guaranteed max. 0.3% load regulation
(LM117)
• Guaranteed 1.5A output current
• Adjustable output down to 1.2V
• Current limit constant with temperature
• Pa Product Enhancement tested
• 80 dB ripple rejection
• Output is short-circuit protect.

Basic Circuit Operation:-

The LM317 is a 3–terminal floating regulator. In Operation, the LM317 develops and maintains a nominal 1.25 V reference (Vref) between its output and adjustment Terminals. This reference voltage is converted to a programming current (IPROG) by R1 and this Constant current flows through R2 to ground. The regulated output voltage is given by:

Since the current from the adjustment terminal (IAdj) represents an error term in the equation, the LM317 was designed to control IAdj to less than 100 mA and keep it constant. To do this, all quiescent operating current is returned to the output terminal. This imposes the requirement for a minimum load current. If the load current is less than this minimum, the output voltage will rise. Since the LM317 is a floating regulator, it is only the voltage differential across the circuit which is important to performance, and operation at high voltages with respect to
Ground is possible

Protection Diodes:-

When external capacitors are used with any IC regulator it is sometimes necessary to add protection diodes to prevent the capacitors from discharging through low current points into the regulator the LM317 with the recommended protection diodes for output voltages in excess of 25 V or high capacitance values (CO > 25 mF, CAdj > 10 mF). Diode D1 prevents CO from discharging thru the IC during an input short circuit. Diode D2 protects against capacitor CAdj discharging through the IC during an output short circuit. The combination of diodes D1 and D2 prevents CAdj from discharging through the IC during an input short circuit

External Capacitors:-
An input bypass capacitor is recommended. A 0.1 mF disc or 1 mF solid tantalum on the input is suitable input bypassing for almost all applications. The device is more sensitive
To the absence of input bypassing when adjustment or output capacitors are used but the above values will eliminate the possibility of problems. The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to ground on the LM117 to improve ripple rejection. This bypass capacitor
Prevents ripple from being amplified as the output voltage is increased. With a 10 mF bypass capacitor 80 dB ripple rejection is obtainable at any output level. Increases over 10 mF do not appreciably improve the ripple rejection at frequencies above 120 Hz. If the bypass capacitor is used, it is sometimes necessary to include protection diodes to prevent the capacitor from discharging through internal low current paths and damaging the device.
Load Regulation:-
The LM317 is capable of providing extremely good load regulation, but a few precautions are needed to obtain maximum performance. For best performance, the programming resistor (R1) should be connected as close to the regulator as possible to minimize line drops which effectively appear in series with the reference, thereby degrading regulation. The ground end of R2 can be returned near the load ground to provide remote ground sensing and improve load regulation

8085 Microprocessor - Architecture | Basic Fundamentals | Block Diagram

Memory

Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. The total addressable memory size is 64 KB.
Program memory - program can be located anywhere in memory. Jump, branch and call instructions use 16-bit addresses, i.e. they can be used to jump/branch anywhere within 64 KB. All jump/branch instructions use absolute addressing.
Data memory - the data can be placed anywhere as the 8085 processor always uses 16-bit addresses.
Stack memory is limited only by the size of memory. Stack grows downward.
First 64 bytes in a zero memory page should be reserved for vectors used by RST instructions.
Interrupts
The 8085 microprocessor has 5 interrupts. They are presented below in the order of their priority (from lowest to highest):
INTR is maskable 8080A compatible interrupt. When the interrupt occurs the processor fetches from the bus one instruction, usually one of these instructions:
One of the 8 RST instructions (RST0 - RST7). The processor saves current program counter into stack and branches to memory location N * 8 (where N is a 3-bit number from 0 to 7 supplied with the RST instruction).
CALL instruction (3 byte instruction). The processor calls the subroutine, address of which is specified in the second and third bytes of the instruction.
RST5.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 2Ch (hexadecimal) address.
RST6.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 34h (hexadecimal) address.
RST7.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 3Ch (hexadecimal) address.
Trap is a non-maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 24h (hexadecimal) address.
All maskable interrupts can be enabled or disabled using EI and DI instructions. RST 5.5, RST6.5 and RST7.5 interrupts can be enabled or disabled individually using SIM instruction.

Addressing modes

Register - references the data in a register or in a register pair.
Register indirect - instruction specifies register pair containing address, where the data is located.
Direct.
Immediate - 8 or 16-bit data.
I/O ports
256 Input ports
256 Output ports
Registers
Accumulator or A register is an 8-bit register used for arithmetic, logic, I/O and load/store operations.
Flag is an 8-bit register containing 5 1-bit flags:
Sign - set if the most significant bit of the result is set.
Zero - set if the result is zero.
Auxiliary carry - set if there was a carry out from bit 3 to bit 4 of the result.
Parity - set if the parity (the number of set bits in the result) is even.
Carry - set if there was a carry during addition, or borrow during subtraction/comparison.
General registers:
8-bit B and 8-bit C registers can be used as one 16-bit BC register pair. When used as a pair the C register contains low-order byte. Some instructions may use BC register as a data pointer.
8-bit D and 8-bit E registers can be used as one 16-bit DE register pair. When used as a pair the E register contains low-order byte. Some instructions may use DE register as a data pointer.
8-bit H and 8-bit L registers can be used as one 16-bit HL register pair. When used as a pair the L register contains low-order byte. HL register usually contains a data pointer used to reference memory addresses.
Stack pointer is a 16 bit register. This register is always incremented/decremented by 2.
Program counter is a 16-bit register.

74xx Series Various Integrated Circuit

Here u find  various  74xx  series  ic

74LS00
4x Two input NAND
74LS01
4x Two input NAND, Open collector
74LS02
4x Two input NOR
74LS03
4x Two input NAND, Open collector
74LS04
6x Inverter (NOT)
74LS05
6x Inverter (NOT), Open collector
74LS06
6x Inverter (NOT), High voltage Open collector
74LS07
6x Buffer (NO-OP), High voltage Open collector
74LS08
4x Two input AND
74LS09
4x Two inout AND, Open collector
74LS10
3x Three input NAND
74LS11
3x Three inout AND
74LS12
3x Three input NAND, Open collector
74LS13
2x Four input, Schmitt Trigger NAND
74LS14
6x Inverter (NOT), Schmitt Trigger
74LS15
3x Three input AND, Open collector
74LS16
6x Inverter (NOT), High voltage Open collector
74LS17N
6x Buffer (NO-OP), High voltage Open collector
74LS19
6x Inverter (NOT), Schmitt Trigger
74LS20
2x Four input NAND
74LS21
2x Four input AND
74LS22
2x Four input NAND, Open collector
7423
2x Four input NOR with Strobe
7425
2x Four input NOR with Strobe
74LS26
4x Two input NAND, High voltage
74LS27
3x Three input NOR
74LS28
4x Two input NOR
74LS30
Eight input NAND
74LS31
6x DELAY (6nS to 48nS)
74LS32
4x Two input OR
74LS33
4x Two input NOR, Open collector
74LS37
4x Two inout NAND
74LS38
4x Two input NAND, Open collector
74LS39
4x Two input NAND, Open collector
74LS40
4x Two input NAND, Open collector
74LS42
Four-to-Ten (BCD to Decimal) DECODER
74LS45
Four-to-Ten (BCD to Decimal) DECODER, High current
74LS46
BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open Collector, lamp test and leading zero handling
74LS47
BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open Collector, lamp test and leading zero handling
74LS48
BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, lamp test and leading zero handling
74LS49
BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open collector
7450
2x (Two input AND) NOR (Two input AND), expandable
74LS51
(a AND b AND c) NOR (c AND e AND f) plus (g AND h) NOR (i AND j)
7453
NOR of Four Two input ANDs, expandable
74LS54
NOR of Four Two input ANDs
74LS55
NOR of Two Four input ANDs
74LS56P
3x Frequency divider, 5:1, 5:1, 10:1
74LS57P
3x Frequency divider, 5:1, 6:1, 10:1
74S64
4-3-2-2 AND-OR-INVERT
74S65
4-3-2-2 AND-OR-INVERT
74LS68
2x Four bit BCD decimal COUNTER
74LS69
2x Four bit binary COUNTER
7470
1x gated JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear
7472
1x gated JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear
74LS73
2x JK FLIPFLOP with clear
74LS74
2x D LATCH, edge triggered with clear
74LS75
4x D LATCH, gated
74LS76A
2x JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear
74LS77
4x D LATCH, gated
74LS78A
2x JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear
74LS83
Four bit binary ADDER
74LS85
Four bit binary COMPARATOR
74LS86
4x Two input XOR (exclusive or)
74LS90
Four bit BCD decimal COUNTER
74LS91
Eight bit SHIFT register
74LS92
Four bit divide-by-twelve COUNTER
74LS93
Four bit binary COUNTER
74LS94
Four bit SHIFT register
74LS95B
Four bit parallel access SHIFT register
74LS96
Five bit SHIFT register
74LS107A
2x JK FLIPFLOP with clear
74LS109A
2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset and clear
74LS112A
2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset and clear
74LS114A
2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset
74LS116
2x Four bit LATCH with clear
74121
Monostable Multivibrator
74LS122
Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator
74LS123
Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator
74S124
2x Clock Generator or Voltage Controlled Oscillator
74LS125
4x Buffer (NO-OP), (low gate) Tri-state
74LS126
4x Buffer (NO-OP), (high gate) Tri-state
74LS130
Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator
74128
4x Two input NOR, Line driver
74LS132
4x Two input NAND, Schmitt trigger
74S133
Thirteen input NAND
74S134
Twelve input NAND, Tri-state
74S135
4x Two input XOR (exclusive or)
74LS136
4x Two input XOR (exclusive or), Open collector
74LS137
3-8 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74LS138
3-8 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74LS139A
2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74S140
2x Four input NAND, 50 ohm Line Driver
74143
Four bit counter and latch with 7-segment LED driver
74LS145
BCD to Decimal decoder and LED driver
74LS147
10-4 priority ENCODER
74LS148
8-3 gated priority ENCODER
74LS150
16-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer)
74LS151
8-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer)
74LS153
2x 4-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer)
74LS154
4-16 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74LS155A
2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74LS156
2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer)
74LS157
4x 2-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer)
74LS158
4x 2-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer)
74159
4-16 DECODER (demultiplexer), Open collector
74LS160A
Four bit synchronous BCD COUNTER with load and asynchronous clear
74LS161A
Four bit synchronous binary COUNTER with load and asynchronous clear
74LS162A
Four bit synchronous BCD COUNTER with load and synchronous clear
74LS163A
Four bit synchronous binary COUNTER with load and synchronous clear
74LS164
Eight bit parallel out SHIFT register
74LS165
Eight bit parallel in SHIFT register
74LS166A
Eight bit parallel in SHIFT register
74LS169A
Four bit synchronous binary up+down COUNTER
74LS170
4x4 Register file, Open collector
74LS174
6x D LATCH with clear
74LS175
4x D LATCH with clear and dual outputs
74LS170
Four bit parallel in and out SHIFT register
74LS180
Four bit parity checker
74LS181
Four bit ALU
74LS182
Look-ahead carry generator
74LS183
2x One bit full ADDER
74LS190
Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER
74LS191
Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER
74LS192
Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER
74LS193
Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER
74LS194
Four bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register
74LS195
Four bit parallel in and out SHIFT register
74LS198
Eight bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register
74LS199
Eight bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register, JK serial input
74LS221
2x Monostable multivibrator
74LS240
8x Inverter (NOT), Tri-state
74LS241
8x Buffer (NO-OP), Tri-state
74LS244
8x Buffer (NO-OP), Tri-state Line driver
74LS245
8x Bidirectional Tri-state BUFFER
74LS259
Eight bit addressable LATCH
74LS260
2x Five input NOR
74LS273
8x D FLIPFLOP with clear
74LS279
4x SR LATCH
74LS283
Four bit binary full ADDER
74LS373
8x Transparent (gated) LATCH, Tri-state
74LS374
8x Edge-triggered LATCH, Tri-state
74LS629
Volatge controlled OSCILLATOR
74LS688
Eight bit binary COMPARATOR

FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOTICS DEATH

 Now,In this technology world there is many  competition to do something  new or create new .here i m present  some robotics model that are useful for engineering student to make their own robot  for  robot war  or for other competition .Here i will try to to give my best model and collection that  are already winner in IIT,NIT,and other college competition .

AUTONOMOUS:-

IC ENGINE ROBO:-

ROBO WAR :-

                                                                                                             

                                  

CLIFHANGER:-

TOUCH QUIZ BUZZER

This circuit  gives the principle and operation similar to touch sensor .this circuit divide into three parts as 

• input
• 555 timer ic (monostable configuration )
• output (buzzer or light )

here in circuit diagram input  is  given at  touch plate or switch  and  output can obtain at buzzer or  light etc as your   require.

here  555  timer  ic  pin diagram  is  given(8 pin dip package)

  

DESCRIPTION:- 

 here  555 timer can operate  in monostable state  and  generated frequency is depend on resistor and  capacitor .in circuit reset pin  is connected to Vcc and control voltage connected to ground through  the capacitor .input is given to touch plate or switch  to input of bc547(npn) transistor output of transistor  connected to Vcc and emitter connected to ground   this is  very sensitivity compare to circuit without transistor . output taken at  pin 3 this is indicate using led  in software stimulation .given below.here  i m given  small pulse  to base of transistor .

WAVE FORM IN MONOSTABLE STATE 555 TIMER 

PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER.(PIC).

the micro-controller played  very important  role in embedded after the  invention of 8051 .there is  another  controller from atmel is avr controller .the steady development in this field gave  sufficient and  reliable and  speedy operation .the AVR and PIC ,ARM  are the prime example thus this  controller os provide latest communication protocol like  USB ,I2C, SPI, ETHERNET, CAN etc

HISTORY:-

 The PIC micro controller's   founder  is  general instrument in 1975.during the testing of  16 bit CPU CP1600 by the microelectronics division of general instrument , PIC was developed . although the CPU CP1600 was a good but having low performance . in 1985 the division of microelectronics  in general instrument is converted  MICRO ELECTRONICS  TECHNOLOGY 

PIC MICRO CONTROLLER:-

Motorola PIC controller

this 8 bit controller divide  into four category  as listed below :-

• Base line pic 
• Mid range pic
• Enhanced mid-range pic 
• PIC18

This PIC based on the  RISC  architecture .RISC stand for  reduced instruction set computing  hence  in this article the instruction set reduced with increase  the execution speed of system

 

PIC microcontrollers follow Harvard architecture for internal data transfer. In Harvard architecture there are two separate memories for program and data. These two memories are accessed through different buses for data communication between memories and CPU core. This architecture improves the speed of system over Von Neumann architecture in which program and data are fetched from the same memory using the same bus. PIC18 series controllers are based on 16-bit instruction set. 

ARCHITECTURE:-

MOTOR DRIVER L293 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

L293d  having two h-bridge. it;s used in area of robotics to control robot.in h bridge it's used simple concept of switch using transistor .for eg ,it's used as  going in off or on state hence there is transistor used so it is used in clockwise or anticlockwise  direction .thus l293 act  as  current amplifier  as  they sink low current  and  source  high current.this high current used to drive   motor  that connected to ic 

 this motor driver having two inbult h =bridge .motor can be controlled by the input pin shown in diagram        as 2&7 and 10&15  .if  we given 00 or same  logic means 11 to input it will stop the corresponding  motor and if we provide 01 and 10   then motor rotate in clockwise and counter clockwise  respectively .

pin no 1 and 9  are  enable pin to start operation .both are  active high pin so whenever   these  pin are  high corresponding motor will be   active  and  whenevr it disbled then it's going in high impedance   here   we shown in fig rotation concept .
here circuit   to provide increase current capacity to motor 

THE MEN BEHIND THE MICROCHIP -ROBERT NORTON NOYCE

TODAY ,THE 84TH BIRTHDAY OF 

The talented person ROBERT NORTON NOYCE .his nick named "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded FAIRCHILD Semiconductor in 1957 and INTEL in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip which fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.Noyce was also a mentor and father-figure to an entire

PRESET (VARABLE RESISTOR)

A preset is a electronics devices that used to varies circuit resistance through which current or voltage can controller . the resistance of circuit can be varies using upper rotary part of preset .preset are available in various valued  in market.i this rotary part can varies using screw driver or other equipment  The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. such a preset is commonly used in sensor circuit to increase or decrease the sensitivity of circuit .
for eg .light sensor  ,ir sensor

this component having three terminal .there is back terminal is fixed offering resistance whenever front provide variable resistance .hence when it is used as fixed resistence we can use only back terminal and pin diagra is shown in fig